BIO

Dissertation: N/A

Highest degree: N/A

Fields of interest:

• mathematics
• physics
• chemistry

Biography:
German mathematician, physicist, physician, and philosopher. He is most known for his technical inventions, such as the technique to make hard-paste porcelain, the development of a lens polishing machine, and his large burning mirrors and lenses. Correspondant of Spinoza, Huygens, Leibnitz and Oldenburg.

Residence

• Paris 1675

Occupation

N/A

Education

• Philosophy, mathematics, and medicine 1668 - Universiteit Leiden

Membership

• Académie Royale des Sciences
  Member 1682

Provenance

• Vermij, R., ‘De Nederlandse vriendenkring van E.W. von Tschirnhaus’, Tijdschrift voor de Geschiedenis der Geneeskunde, Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Techniek 11 (1988), 153–78
• Plassmeyer, P. & S. Siebel, Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus (1651–1708). Experimente mit dem Sonnenfeuer, Dresden, 2001.

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: Q77288
VIAF: http://viaf.org/viaf/27173771

BIO

Dissertation: N/A

Highest degree: N/A

Fields of interest:

• physics
• paleontology
• biology

Biography:
Famous for his theory of 'catastrophism' (contrary to uniformitarianism) and his system of paleontological taxonomy. Established extinction as a fact (biology, natural history). He was worked at the Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle from 1795 and remained his job under Napoleon and the re-established monarchy.

Residence

• Paris 

Occupation

• professor of animal anatomy Musée National dHistoire Naturelle (Paris) 1795, Paris

Education

• student 1784 - 1788, Stuttgart

Membership

• Koninklijk Instituut, eerste klasse
  Correspondent, living abroad 14-11-1812
• Koninklijk Instituut, eerste klasse
  Member 03-11-1827
• Académie des Sciences
  member 

Provenance

• Cuvier, G.L.C.F.D., Algemene Vergadering Instituut 1832, p. 12 door J. de Vries.

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: Q171969
VIAF: http://viaf.org/viaf/4981028

View obituary (PDF format)

BIO

Dissertation: N/A

Highest degree: N/A

Fields of interest:
N/A

Biography:
N/A

Residence

N/A

Occupation

N/A

Education

N/A

Membership

• Académie Royale des Sciences
  member (~1769) and Secretary (~1792) 
• Bataviaasch Genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen - Batavia
  Foreign corresponding member 1786~

Provenance

N/A

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: N/A
VIAF: N/A

BIO

Dissertation: N/A

Highest degree: phd medicine (1715)

Fields of interest:

• physics
• mathematics
• medicine
• meteorology

Biography:
Petrus van Musschenbroek belonged to a family of brass founders and instrument makers who had turned to the construction scientific instruments in the middle of the seventeenth century. His father Johan, his uncle Samuel, and his brother Jan all earned solid reputations in this field, Jan working closely with the Leiden natural philosopher Willem Jacob 's Gravesande. Petrus, five years younger than Jan, studied at the University of Leiden and in 1715 earned his doctorate in medicine. After a visit to England (where he met Desaguliers) he practiced medicine in Leiden for a few years, but after receiving a second degree in philosophy he accepted a professorate in mathematics and philosophy in Duisburg in 1719. In 1721 he also became extraordinary professor of medicine. In 1723 Musschenbroek moved to Utrecht, where he held the position of professor of natural philosophy and mathematics The following year he married Adrina van de Water (who died prematurely in 1732). From 1732 onwards, Musschenbroek also was professor of astronomy in Utrecht. Here he became well known for his lectures in experimental philosophy, in which he followed the new guidelines set forth by Newton and 's Gravesande. His textbooks became famous far outside the lecture halls of Utrecht. In 1726 he published Epitome elementorum Physico mathematicorum conscripta in usus academicos, followed by Elementa physicae in 1734. Musschenbroek refused offers from Copenhagen (1731) and Göttingen (1737), but he accepted a call from Leiden in 1739, where he lectured on philosophy from 1740 until his death. In 1742 he succeeded the deceased 's Gravesande as professor of experimental natural philosophy. His lectures, which attracted many foreign students, were published as his Institutiones physicae (1748) and his Introductio ad philosophiam naturalem (posthumously published in 1762 by Lulofs). During his lectures Musschenbroek used instruments that more often than not were devised by himself and constructed by his brother Jan (except for the barometers and thermometers, which were made by Fahrenheit and others). Compared to 's Gravesande, Musschenbroek paid more attention to the experimental gathering of facts and less to the mathematical formulae to which these facts had to be reduced. Accordingly, Musschenbroek's research was concerned with other topics than 's Gravesande had considered important. Whereas 's Gravesande extensively discussed mechanics and astronomy, Musschenbroek gave much attention to, for instance, the effects of heating and to meteorology and electricity. He constructed the pyrometer and is credited with the invention of the Leiden jar (1746). Because of his experimental approach, one of his biographers characterized Musschenbroek as a Newtonian scientist with a Baconian bent.

Collection: Museum Boerhaave Leiden.

Residence

• Utrecht 
• Leiden 
• London 1717 - 1717

Occupation

• professor of mathematics and philosophy 1740 - 1761 - Universiteit Leiden, Leiden
• professor 1719 - 1723 - Universität Duisburg, Duisburg
• professor 1723 - 1740 - Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht
• doctor 1716 - 1719, Leiden
• instrument maker 

Education

• student mathematics, medicine and physics  - 1715 - Universiteit Leiden, Leiden

Membership

• Académie des SciencesParis
  member 
• Akademie der Wissenschaften BerlinBerlin
  member 
• Royal Society of London
  Fellow 14-11-1734

Provenance

• Musschenbroek, P. van, Institutiones physicæ conscriptæ in usus academicos (Leiden 1748).
• Leiden, UB : BPL 240; Letter by Dirk Metz (1731 fl.) to Petrus van Musschenbroek (1692-1761).
• Musschenbroek, P. van, Disputatio medica inauguralis de aëris praesentia in humoribus animalibus ... ex auctoritata ... Wolferdi Senguerdii ... (Leiden 1715).
• Musschenbroek, P. van, Introductio ad philosophiam naturalem (Leiden 1762).
• Musschenbroek, P. van, Essai de physique (Leiden 1739).
• Musschenbroek, P. van, Epitome elementorum physico-mathematicorum (Leiden 1726).
• Rooseboom, M., Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis der instrumentmakerskunst in de noordelijke Nederlanden (Leiden 1950).
• Clercq, P. de, At the sign of the oriental lamp. The Musschenbroek workshop in Leiden, 1660-1750 (Rotterdam 1997).
• Musschenbroek, P. van, Beginselen der natuurkunde, beschreven ten dienste der landgenooten (Leiden 1736); second enlarged edition: 1739
• Mörzer Bruyns, W.F.J., Schip recht door zee : de octant in de Republiek in de achttiende eeuw (Amsterdam 2003).
• Fournier, M., Early microscopes : a descriptive catalogue (Leiden 2003).
• Crommelin, C.A., 'Leidsche leden van het geslacht Van Musschenbroek', Jaarboekje voor geschiedenis en oudheidkunde van Leiden en omstreken (1939).
• Pater, C. de, Petrus van Musschenbroek (1692-1761): een newtoniaans natuuronderzoeker (Utrecht 1979)
• Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (NNBW), Deel 10, p.659-660

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: Q176206
VIAF: http://viaf.org/viaf/12454678

BIO

Dissertation: N/A

Highest degree: N/A

Fields of interest:

• astronomy
• demography
• entomology

Biography:
N/A

Residence

• Amsterdam 1686 - 1768

Occupation

• mathematician 1742
• teacher of bookkeepers and navigating officers 1750

Education

N/A

Membership

• Royal Society of London
  Fellow 22-02-1750 - 1756
• Académie Royale des Sciences
  Visitor 1752 - 1762
• Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen - Haarlem
  Visitor 1755 - 1767

Provenance

• Zuidervaart, H. J., ‘Early Quantification of Scientific Knowledge: Nicolaas Struyck (1686–1769) as a Collector of Empirical Data’, in: The Statistical Mind in a Pre-Statistical Era: The Netherlands 1750–1850, edited by P. M. M. Klep and I. H. Stamhuis (Amsterdam, 2002), 125–148.

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: N/A
VIAF: N/A

BIO

Dissertation: N/A

Highest degree: N/A

Fields of interest:

• mathematics
• astronomy

Biography:
Astronomer and surveyor, father of instrument maker Dirk Klinkenberg jr. Personal astronomer of Prince William V. Provided an explanation how to measure the distance between the Earth and Sun, after observing the transit of Mercury across the Sun. Discovered unknown comets in the years 1743, 1748, 1757 and another in 1759.

Residence

• Haarlem 
• Leiden 
• Den Haag 

Occupation

• Clerk of the secretary of Holland 1755, Den Haag
• personal astronomer of Prince William V , Den Haag

Education

N/A

Membership

• Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen - Haarlem
  Member 1758
• Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte - Rotterdam
  Member 1769
• Académie Royale des Sciences
  correspondent 1753

Provenance

• J.J. de Lalande, Voyage de Hollande, Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France, Ms 2195, p. 42-43, 45, 70.
• L.T.G. Theunissen (et al), Een elektriserend geleerde : Martinus van Marum 1750-1837 (Haarlem 1987).
• http://www.historici.nl/retroboeken/vdaa/#source=aa__001biog12_01.xml&page=231&accessor=accessor_index&view=imagePane

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: Q1227921
VIAF: http://viaf.org/viaf/103830183

BIO

Dissertation: N/A

Highest degree: N/A

Fields of interest:

• physics
• mathematics
• optics
• astronomy

Biography:
Born in 1629, Huygens was the son of the poet and diplomat, Constantijn Huygens. He studied law in Leiden and Breda. He was interested mainly in mathematics and proved to be very talented early in life. With his brother Constantijn Jr., he ground lenses and made astronomical observations. He also developed a very accurate pendulum clock and established a wave-theory of light. His discoveries attracted attention abroad, and, in 1666, he was asked to lead the newly founded Académie des Sciences in Paris. After a few years absence caused by illness, he resigned from the Académie. Later in life he wrote a book on cosmolog, called 'Cosmotheoros'.

Inventor of the pendulum clock ("slingeruurwerk") and the aerial telescope. Designer of the Huygens ocular. Huygens discovered the moon of Saturn (Titan) and explained that a ring was present around this planet. He also established the wave-theory of light.

Collections: Museum Boerhaave Leiden, Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht, Noordelijk Scheepvaart Museum Groningen.

Residence

• Den Haag 1629 - 1645
• Leiden 1645-05-12
• Breda 1647
• Paris 1660-10-12
• London 1661-03-19
• Den Haag 1661-05-27
• Paris 1633-04-03
• London 1663-06-07
• Paris 1663-10-01 - 1663-06-07
• Den Haag 1664-06-07
• Den Haag 1648-05~
• Spa 1654-08 - 1654-08~
• Paris 1655-07~ - 1655-11-26~
• Paris 1666 - 1681
• Den Haag 1681 - 1695

Occupation

• Instrument maker 

Education

• Law student 12-05-1645 - Universiteit Leiden
• Student at Breda 1646~ - 1648~ - Collegium Arausiacum - Breda

Membership

• Académie de Montmor
  Attendant 
• Académie Royale des Sciences
  Member 1665
• Royal Society of London
  Member 22-06-1663
• Académie de Thévenot
  Attendant 

Provenance

• Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederlandse Wiskundigen. http://www.bwnw.nl/
• Theoremata de quadratura hyperboles, ellipsis et circuli (1651)
• De Saturni Luna observatio nova (1656)
• Systema saturnium (1659)
• Horologium oscillatorium sive de motu pendularium (1673)
• Memoriën aengaende het slijpen van glasen tot verrekijckers (1685)
• Traité de la lumière (1690)
• Cosmotheoros (1698)
• Riekher, R. Fernrohre und ihre Meister: eine Entwicklungsgeschichte der Fernrohrtechnik (Berlin 1957).
• Ahlström, O. Synverktyg fran äldre tider (Stockholm 1943).
• Jorink, E. Reading the book of nature in the Dutch golden age, 1575-1715 (Leiden/Boston 2010).
• Doorman, G. Octrooien voor uitvindingen in de Nederlanden uit de 16e-18e eeuw : met bespreking van enkele onderwerpen uit de geschiedenis der techniek (Den Haag 1940).
• Zinner, E. Deutsche und Niederländische astronomische Instrumente des 11.-18. Jahrhunderts (München 1956).
• Forbes, R.J. Cultuurgeschiedenis van wetenschap en techniek ('s Gravenhage 1966).
• Nijland, A.A. Christiaan Huygens, in het bijzonder als astronoom (Groningen 1929).
• Crommelin, C.A. Christiaan Huygens (Gent 1938).
• Icke, V. De ruimte van Christiaan Huygens (Groningen 2009).
• Daumas, M. Scientific instruments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and their makers (London 1972).
• Harting, P. ' De tien-voets kijker van Christiaan Huygens', in: Album der Natuur (1867).
• Michel, H. Instruments des sciences dans l'art et l'histoire (Rhode-St-Genèse 1965).

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: Q39599
VIAF: http://viaf.org/viaf/9894043

BIO

Dissertation: De salvia et muco

Highest degree: professor

Fields of interest:

• medicine

Biography:
N/A

Residence

• Amsterdam 

Occupation

• professor in surgery , Amsterdam

Education

• medicine student 

Membership

• Maatschappij van Verdiensten onder de Zinspreuk ‘Felix Meritis’
  member and member of the board 1870 - 1885~
• Genootschap ter bevordering van genees- en heelkunde, onder den zinspreuk ‘Occidit qui non servat’ - Antwerpen
  secretary 
• Académie des Sciences
  corresponding member 
• Nederlands Natuur- en Geneeskundig Congres
  member [..1890]

Provenance

• Naamlijst van de leden en donatrices der maatschappij Felix Meritis (Amsterdam 1875).
• Naamlijst van de leden en donatrices der maatschappij Felix Meritis (Amsterdam 1885).
• Album Academicum van het Athenaeum Illustre en de Universiteit van Amsterdam (Amsterdam 1913) 419.
• Ledenlijst Vereeniging het Nederl. Natuur- en Geneesk. Congres (1890).

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: N/A
VIAF: N/A

BIO

Dissertation: Quousque motus fluidorum et caeterae quaedam animalium et plantarum functiones consentiunt

Highest degree: med. doctor

Fields of interest:

• chemistry
• physics
• botany
• medicine
• scientific instruments

Biography:
Martinus van Marum was the son of Petrus van Marum and Cornelia van Oudheusden. The van Marum family stemmed from Groningen and belonged to the Reformed church. His father was land surveyor and agricultural specialist. From 1744 to 1764 he owned a delftware factory art Delft where he worked as master potter. Van Marum attended the primary school and Latin school at Delft. After the return of the family to Groningen, in 1664, he matriculated at Groningen university to study philosophy and medicine.
Among his teachers there were Petrus Camper (medicine and botany), Dionysius van de Wijnpersse (physics), Wouter van Doeveren (medicine, chemistry, and mineralogy), and Antonius Brugmans (philosophy, physics, and mathematics). Especially Camper was very influential, his views on botany aroused in van Marum a life-long interest in plants, and friendship with Camper until the latter's death in 1794. Contrary to the then common taxonomical studies, Camper advocated the study of the anatomy and physiology of the plant. In 1773 van Marum obtained the doctor's degree in philosophy on a highly praised thesis about the sap streams in plants. Later that year he graduated in medicine on a thesis in which he compared the physiology of sap streams in plants and animals.
Aspiring to a job as professor in botany van Marum was very disappointed when he was not elected to succeed Camper. He immediately turned his interests to the field of electricity. In 1776 he published a report on the technical improvements he introduced to the electrical machine. In the same year he went to Haarlem where he set up as a general practitioner (until 1780). The city of Haarlem appointed him as municipal lecturer in philosophy and medicine in 1776. Van Marum took this matter seriously: until 1780 he gave 52 public lectures on physical topics. In the context of Teyler's Foundation (see later) he would give another 163 lectures (until 1803). Until 1797 his subjects were mainly of a physico-chemical and technical nature, later he treated geological, mineralogical, and palaeontological issues.
In 1781 van Marum married the extremely wealthy printer's daughter Joanna Bosch (1739-1821), which made his possible for him to devote his life fully to the propagation and popularization of science. Thanks to his continuous and efficient activities, van Marum was able to make Haarlem a very important centre of Dutch science at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century. Van Marum used two institutions to reach his goals: the Dutch Society of Sciences (Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen, founded in 1752), and Teyler's Foundation (founded in 1778 by the wealthy menist merchant Pieter Teyler van der Hulst).
Van Marum was appointed director of the Cabinet of Curiosities of the Dutch Society in 1777, he became its perpetual secretary in 1794. In 1784 he was appointed director of Teyler's Cabinet of Physical and Natural Curiosities and Library. All these functions he combined until his death. The personal and institutional wealth of both van Marum and the institutions made it him possible to expand the collections and libraries to a scale that made them famous all over Europe. From 1782 to 1802 he made a number of journeys abroad that brought him much fossil material and minerals. His most famous acquisitions were J.J. Scheuchzer's 'homo diluvii testis', actually a fossil salamander, the fossil Mosasaurus camperi, and Beringer's Lügensteine.
Apart from these activities van Marum was involved in scientific research too. His scientific ideas rested on two pillars: physico-theology, and utility. During the first half of his scientific life physico-theological interests prevailed, especially in his chemical research, his later works were mainly motiviated by utilitarian goals. In the Verhandelingen of Teyler's Foundation Van Marum published the results of many electrical and chemical experiments he had carried out with the largest electrical machine of the time. This spectacular machine was installed in 1784 in Teyler's Museum by its maker, the British instrument maker John Cuthbertson. It had two large, round glass plates each 1.65 metres in diameter. With this electrical machine he tried to discover the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Van Marum was a life long supporter of Benjamin Franklin's one fluid theory of electricity. The new Voltaic pile was quickly adopted by Van Marum, who named it after its Italian inventor.
His most important experiments, however, lay in the field of chemistry. In 1785 was the first to recognize a peculiar odour of electricity, which we now call ozone. Together with Adriaan Paets van Troostwijk he did experiments in the winters of 1785-1786 and 1786-1787 which were concentrated on the new combustion theory of the French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier. These convinced him of the correctness of the new chemisty, and he became a staunch advocate of the Frenchman's ideas. In 1787 he published a summary of this oxidation theory, even before Lavoisier did so himself. With his newly developed gazometer he discovered carbon monoxide.
From 1802 onwards Van Marum's attention shifted to botany, concentrating on South African plants. For the prince of Salm-Dyck he compiled a systematic catalogue of his aloe collection, which reflected his renewed interest in plant systematics and taxonomy. However, his interest in the relation between electricity and magnetism caused him to repeat Oersted's famous experiments in 1822.
Van Marum was always interested in the practical and organisational aspects of science. He issued many competitions to write essays on scientific topics and took care of the publication of the prize-winning ones. During the French reign, king Louis Napoleon asked him, among others, to draft a constitution for a new national scientific institution, the Royal Institute of Science, Literature, and Arts (Koninklijk Instituut van Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schoone Kunsten), which was established in 1808. Until 1836 Van Marum was one of the most active members of this scientific institution. In 1814, the new king of the Netherlands, William I, appointed Van Marum to a commission for the restructuring of higher education, and in 1821 to a commission charged with the exploration of the possibilities of active control of the Dutch rivers.
As a physician Van Marum was a typical representative of the 'Aufklärungsarzt' (Enlightenment physician), who strived to make science and medicine subservient to the interests of society at large. In Van Marum's case this attitude was also stimulated by his belief in a practical form of christianity. Examples are his propagation of the use of pure oxygen to revive drowned persons, the use of steam baths for cholera patients, artificial ventilation in houses, factories and aboard ships, and the improvement of the digestor, originally invented by Denis Papin, to provide the poor with nutritive soups.
Van Marum maintained a large network of scientific contacts and correspondents throughout his life. He was a (corresponding) member of no less than 37 scientific societies in Europe and the United States. Van Marum died on 26 December 1837, honoured by Dutch and French societies, and leaving as his heir a natural son born in 1829.

Designed an electrostatic generator, with the help of Gerhard Kuyper from Groningen. Participated in development of the largest electrical machine of his time, designed by John Cuthberson.

Residence

• Haarlem 

Occupation

• Physician 1776 - 1780, Haarlem
• Director Physisch kabinet and library 1784 - Teylers Museum

Education

• Student of Medicine and Philosophy 31-12-1764 - 20-08-1773 - Universiteit Groningen, Groningen

Membership

• Koninklijk Instituut, eerste klasse
  Member 04-05-1808
• Provinciaal Utrechtsch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen
  Ordinary member 5 dec 1776; Corresponding member 25 dec 1776 05-12-1776 - 1837
• Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen - Haarlem
  Member, and since 1794 secretary 1776 - 1837
• Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte - Rotterdam
  Member 1784 - 1837
• (Koninklijk) Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen
  Member 27-08-1782 - 26-12-1837
• Royal Society of London
  Member 19-04-1798
• Vergadering van Notabelen voor het departement Zuiderzee
  Member 29-03-1814 - 30-03-1814
• Teylers StichtingHaarlem
  Director 
• Académie des SciencesParis
  Corresponding Member 1783
• Vrijdagsch Gezelschap genaamd ‘Libertate et Concordia’ - Amsterdam
  member 1813~

Provenance

• Marum, M. van, Algemene Vergadering Instituut 1838, p. 11-12 door H.H. Klijn; Verslagen Instituut Klasse I, 1839, p. 5-7 door W.S. Swart.
• “Naamlijst der leden van het Vrijdag’s Gezelschap”, in: Naamlijst der leden van het Vrijdag's Gezelschap, opgerigt te Amsterdam den 17 december van het jaar 1734, onder de zinspreuk: Libertate et Concordia, en eenige gedichten daartoe betrekkelyk (Amsterdam 1812).
• Molhuysen, P.C., en Fr.K.H. Kossmann (redactie), Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek. Deel 10. (Leiden 1937) 588.

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: Q474022
VIAF: http://viaf.org/viaf/11448843

View obituary (PDF format)

BIO

Dissertation: N/A

Highest degree: N/A

Fields of interest:

• scientific instruments
• optics
• natural philosophy
• embryology

Biography:
Optical instrument maker and natural philosopher, who invented the screw-barrel simple microscope in circa 1694. First to observe spermicide through a microscope. Hartsoeker worked most of his life in France. In 1699, when he returned to the Dutch Republic, he was elected member of the Academie Royale des Sciences and in 1704 of the Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften, in both cases as one of the first foreign members. When Czar Peter the Great visited Amsterdam, he was offered the chair of mathematics in St Petersburg. Hartsoeker rejected this offer, but later, in 1704, Hartsoeker accepted the position of "first mathematician and honorary professor of philosophy" at the University of Heidelberg, offered to him by Johann Wilhelm, Elector the Palatine. He returned to the Netherlands around 1720. The last years of his life were spent in Utrecht.

Collections: Museum Boerhaave Leiden, Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht.

Residence

• Paris 1678
• Heidelberg 1704 - 1716
• Paris 1684 - 1698
• Amsterdam 1677 - 1678
• Rotterdam 1698
• Utrecht 1720~ - 1725

Occupation

• Honorary Professsor of Philosophy  - University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg
• physicist, astronomer and instrument maker 1678 - 1725

Education

• student 1675 - 1678 - Universiteit Leiden

Membership

• Académie Royale des Sciences
  Foreign member 1699
• Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  Member 

Provenance

• Hartsoeker, N., Essai de Dioptrique (Parijs 1694)
• Hartsoeker, N., Principes de Physique (Parijs 1696)
• Hartsoeker, N., Conjectures Physiques (Amsterdam 1707) + several later additions
• Hartsoeker, N., Recueil de plusieurs pièces de Physique où l'on fait principalement voir l'invalidité du système de Newton (Utrecht 1722)
• Bibliotheca Hartsoekeriana, sive Catalogus librorum quae collegit Nic. Hartsoeker. Librorum auctio publica fiet ad diem 16 Juni 1727 et seqq (1727).
• Rooseboom, M., Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis der instrumentmakerskunst in de noordelijke Nederlanden (Leiden 1950).
• Harting, P., Het mikroskoop : deszelfs gebruik, geschiedenis en tegenwoordige toestand; een handboek voor natuur- en geneeskundigen, vol. III (Utrecht 1850).
• Harting, P., Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der mikroskopen in ons vaderland (Utrecht 1846).
• Fournier, M., Early microscopes : a descriptive catalogue (Leiden 2003).
• Wielema, M.R. ' Nicolaas Hartsoeker (1656-1725): van mechanisme naar vitalisme', in: Gewina 15 (1992), 234-261.
• Clay, S. and H. Court, The history of the microscope: compiled from original instruments and documents, up to the introduction of the achromatic microscope (London 1932).
• Cittert, P. van, Geschiedenis van de verzameling antieke instrumenten van het Natuurkundig Laboratorium der Rijks Universiteit en van het Natuurkundig Gezelschap (Utrecht 1929).
• Zuidervaart, H.J. ‘The ‘invisible technician’ made visible. Telescope making in the seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Dutch Republic’ in: Alison D. Morrison-Low [et al] (eds.), From Earth-Bound to Satellite. Telescopes, Skills and Networks (Leiden/Boston: Brill 2012), 41-102.

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: Q719162
VIAF: http://viaf.org/viaf/71525600

BIO

Dissertation: N/A

Highest degree: N/A

Fields of interest:
N/A

Biography:
Opened a pharmacy at The Hague (1661), practised as a physician at The Hague (1664-1667), then at Amsterdam (1667-death), Praelector of Anatomy for the Surgeons' Guild of Amsterdam (1666-1731), moved to Amsterdam (1667), City Obstetrician of Amsterdam (1672-1712), Doctor to the Court of Justice (1679), in which capacity he gained considerable experience in forensic medicine, Professor of Botany at the Athenaeum Illustre and supervisor of the Botanical Gardens (1685), Pieter Hotton (FRS 1703) was his assistant (1692), lectured on anatomy to foreign visitors, developed a method of preserving corpses which was said to make them look most lifelike, the first adult on whom he tried it was the English Admiral Berkeley (1666), Peter the Great acquired his collection (1713) and King John Sobieski of Poland acquired a later collection which he gave to the University of Wittenberg, fractured his 'collum femoris' and died of a fever

Residence

N/A

Occupation

N/A

Education

N/A

Membership

• Royal Society of London
  Fellow 09-06-1715
• Academiae Caesareae Leopoldina-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum
  Member 1705
• Académie des Sciences
  Correspondent 1727

Provenance

N/A

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: N/A
VIAF: N/A

BIO

Dissertation: N/A

Highest degree: N/A

Fields of interest:

• scientific instruments
• anatomy
• biology

Biography:
Leeuwenhoek was originally trained as a cloth merchant and a surveyor. He worked in various positions for the city of Delft: Usher to the Aldermen (1660), Surveyor to the Court of Holland (1669), Chief Warden (1677), Wine Gauger and or Inspector of Weights and Measures (1679). From around 1673 he made microscopes according to the design of Johannes Hudde. Leeuwenhoek grinded some 550 lenses, the quality of which was not surpassed until the nineteenth century. He communicated his observations by letters to other scholars, mostly to the Royal Society. He made his most important discovery in 1674: the true nature of micro-organisms.

Collections: Museum Boerhaave Leiden, Universiteits Museum Utrecht (lenses and microscopes), Royal Society London.

Residence

• Delft 1653 - 1723

Occupation

• microscopist 1673 - 1723, Delft

Education

N/A

Membership

• Académie Royale des Sciences
  Foreign correspondent 1699
• Royal Society of London
  fellow 29-01-1680

Provenance

• Houtzager, H.L. and L.C. Palm, Van Leeuwenhoek herdacht : bundeling van de voordrachten gehouden op het symposium georganiseerd ter gelegenheid van de herdenking van de 350ste geboortedag van Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Amsterdam 1982).
• Fournier, M. 'De doos van Pandora: Een microscoop van Antoni van Leeuwenhoek', in: Gewina 25 (2002).
• Schierbeek, A., Antoni van Leeuwenhoek en zijn voornaamste ontdekkingen (Den Haag 1963).
• Fournier, M., Early microscopes : a descriptive catalogue (Leiden 2003).
• Gest, H. , 'The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Fellows of The Royal Society', Notes and records of the Royal Society of London 58, afl. 2 (2004).
• Rooseboom, M., Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis der instrumentmakerskunst in de noordelijke Nederlanden (Leiden 1950).

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: Q12253637
VIAF: http://viaf.org/viaf/71426018

BIO

Dissertation: N/A

Highest degree: N/A

Fields of interest:

• art

Biography:
Painter from Antwerpen. Ommeganck painted landscapes and portraits (among others of Napoleon and Josephine). He was member of a committee for the reclamation of Dutch art from France in 1815.

Residence

• Antwerpen 

Occupation

• artist 

Education

N/A

Membership

• Koninklijk Instituut, vierde klasse
  Member 28-05-1816
• Akademie Antwerpen (art)Antwerpen
  member 
• Académie Royale des Sciences
  correspondent 
• Koninklijke Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten - Amsterdam
  member 

Provenance

• Ommeganck, B.P., Verslagen Instituut Klasse IV, 1826, p. 57-58 door Jb. de Vos Willemsz; Algemene Vergadering Instituut 1826, p. 22-23 door C.A. den Tex.

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: Q2198269
VIAF: http://viaf.org/viaf/9508493

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BIO

Dissertation: Das Halsskelet der Krokodile

Highest degree: PhD

Fields of interest:

• biology
• zoology

Biography:
Performed research in the Dutch Indies between 1920 and 1922. Director of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie.

Residence

• Leiden 

Occupation

• Head assistent 01-11-1922 - 30-06-1928 - Zoologisch Labaratorium, Leiden
• Privaat docent 20-08-1923 - 30-06-1928 - Universiteit Leiden, Leiden
• Gewoon hoogleraar in de dierkunde 27-02-1937 - 01-09-1963 - Universiteit Leiden, Leiden
• directeur van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie 26-06-1934 - 26-04-1958, Leiden

Education

• Student  - 1912 - HBS Sneek
• student biology  - 1918 - Universiteit van Amsterdam

Membership

• Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen
  Member Afd. Natuurkunde 12-06-1946
• Linnean Society
  Foreign member 
• Zoological Society
  Foreign member 
• Académie des Sciences
  Correpondent 1961

Provenance

• Boschma, H., Verslagen Natuurkunde 85, 1976, p. 101-102 door L.B.W. Jongkees; Jaarboek 1976, p. 193-197 door L.D. Brongersma.
• Bibliografie van Biografieën van biologen, dierkundigen, kruidkundigen, plantkundigen, biohistorici, natuurbeschermers, natuurfotografen, natuurillustratoren, natuurschilders etc. voor 1950 geboren. http://www.natuurcijfers.nl/biografieen.htm

Publications

• Three successive layers of external cuticle in Sacculina leptodiae Year: . Pages: 7. (PDF format)
  
• The Rhizocephalan parasites of the crab ChlorodieIIa nigra (Forsk) Year: . Pages: 10. (PDF format)
  
• The Ampullae of Millepora Year: . Pages: 14. (PDF format)
  
• On Budding and coalescence of Buds in Fungia fungites and Fungia actiniformis Year: . Pages: 12. (PDF format)
  
• The Rhizocephalan parasites of the crab Actaea hirsutissima (Rüpp.) Year: . Pages: 7. (PDF format)
  
• Sur les organelles d'absorption chez une espèce d'Amallocystis (Protozoa, Ellobiopsidae) Year: . Pages: 4. (PDF format)
  
• Further notes on variation in Loxothylacus carinatus (Kossm.) Year: . Pages: 11. (PDF format)
  
• Experimental Budding in Fungia fungites Year: . Pages: 10. (PDF format)
  
• On the food of Madreporaria Year: . Pages: 11. (PDF format)
  
• Rhizocephalan parasites of crabs of the genus Metopograpsus Year: . Pages: 9. (PDF format)
  

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: Q2263077
VIAF: http://viaf.org/viaf/60286717

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BIO

Dissertation: On gravitation ("aantrekkingskracht") in 1776

Highest degree: phd

Fields of interest:

• mathematics
• physics
• philosophy
• meteorology

Biography:
Descendant of French Hugenot refugees.Van Swinden was mathematician and physicist, but he was also interested in the history of science and often lectured about Christiaan Huygens, He was Professor in Franeker.

Meteorological observations, northern lights (including a 'magneetnaald', barometer and thermometer). Distances (at sea) by measurements of stars.

Residence

• Franeker 
• Amsterdam 

Occupation

• Meteorological observer, northern lights (including a magneetnaald, barometer and thermometer) 
• professor of Logic, Metaphysics, Philosophy (meaning physics) 1766-12 - 1785, Franeker
• professor 1785 - Amsterdamsche Doorluchtige School
• committee metric system (and reseach of local measures) 1791 - 1820
• professor 25-04-1785 - Athenaeum Illustre te Amsterdam
• member Dutch government (Uitvoerend Bewind) 1799 - 1801
• Member of the board 1785 - Kweekschool voor de Zeevaart - Amsterdam, Amsterdam

Education

• private education by his father (Philippe van Swinden), Glassius and Jean Jacques Blassiere 
• student 1763 - 1766 - Leidsche Hoogeschool

Membership

• Koninklijk Instituut, eerste klasse
  Member 04-05-1808
• Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen - Haarlem
  Member 1769
• Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte - Rotterdam
  Consultant 1783
• Koninklijk Instituut, eerste klasse
  President (the first one) 1808
• Academie Imperiale et Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles
  Member 14-10-1779 - 1794
• Natuur- en Geneeskundige Correspondentie Societeit in de Vereenigde Nederlanden - ’s Hage
  member 1779 - 1802
• Maatschappij van Verdiensten onder de Zinspreuk ‘Felix Meritis, departement Natuurkunde
  Member 
• Gezelschap ter Beoeffening der proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte in ’s Hage
  Member (physics department) 1800 - 1814~
• Bataviaasch Genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen - Batavia
  Corresponding member 1786~ - [1792..
• Natuur- en Geneeskundige Correspondentie Societeit in de Vereenigde Nederlanden - ’s HageFraneker
  consulting member and correspondent for meteorology 1779
• Kurpfälzische Akademie der Wissenschaften in Mannheim (1763-1803)
  member 1779~
• Académie Royale des Sciences
  correspondent 1779~
• Vaderlandsch fonds ter Aanmoediging van 's Lands Zeedienst
  commissaris 1786 - 1823
• Vrijdagsch Gezelschap genaamd ‘Libertate et Concordia’ - Amsterdam
  member  1811

Provenance

• Swinden, J.H. van, Algemene Vergadering Instituut 1823, p. 19-21 door J.H. van Reenen; Verslagen Instituut Klasse I, 1823, p. 55-106 door G. Moll.
• 'Naamlijst der H.H. Leden van de Algemeene Natuur en Geneeskundige Correspondentie-Societeit', in: Verhandelingen van de Natuur- en Geneeskundige Correspondentie-Societeit ('s Gravenhage 1783).
• Zuidervaart, H.J., ‘An Eighteenth-Century Medical-Meteorological Society in the Netherlands. An Investigation on Early Instrumentation, Organisation and Quantification of the Science of Weather’ in: British Journal for the History of Science 38 (2005) 379-410 en idem 39 (2006) 49-66.
• "Naamlijst der commissarissen van het Vaderlandsch Fonds ter aanmoediging van 's Lands zeedienst", in: G.M.W. Acda, Ph.M. Bosscher, N.D.B. Habermehl, H.E. Kuipers en G.J.A. Raven, Tot een rechtschapen en kloke zeeman toe te rusten (1785-1985). Tweehonderd jaar kweekschool voor de zeevaart en hogere zeevaartschool Amsterdam (Zutphen 1985) 210.
• “Naamlijst der leden van het Vrijdag’s Gezelschap”, in: Naamlijst der leden van het Vrijdag's Gezelschap, opgerigt te Amsterdam den 17 december van het jaar 1734, onder de zinspreuk: Libertate et Concordia, en eenige gedichten daartoe betrekkelyk (Amsterdam 1812).
• Naamen der leden van het Gezelschap, ter beoeffening der proefondervindelijke wysbegeerte (Den Haag 1800).
• Naamen der leden van het Gezelschap, ter beoeffening der proefondervindelijke wysbegeerte (Den Haag 1803).
• Naamlijst der leden van de Maatschappij voor natuur- en letterkunde (Den Haag 1814).

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: Q513159
VIAF: http://viaf.org/viaf/96238

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BIO

Dissertation: De generis humani varietate nativa

Highest degree: phd

Fields of interest:

• natural history
• physics
• anthropology

Biography:
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach was a German physician, physiologist and anthropologist, one of the first to explore the study of mankind as an aspect of natural history, whose teachings in comparative anatomy were applied to classification of what he called human races, of which he determined five.

Residence

• Göttingen 

Occupation

• Extraordinary Professor of Medicine 1776 - 1778 - Universitat Gottingen, Göttingen
• Inspector of the Museum of Natural History 1776, Göttingen
• Professor of Medicine 1778 - 1835 - Universitat Gottingen, Göttingen

Education

• Student of Medicine  - University of Jena, Jena
• Student of Medicine  - 1795 - Universitat Gottingen, Göttingen

Membership

• Koninklijk Instituut
  Correspondent, living abroad 08-04-1808
• Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte - Rotterdam
  Correspondent 1792
• Koninklijk Instituut
  Associated Member 03-11-1827
• Académie Royale des SciencesParis
  Member 1831
• Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
  Foreign Member 1813
• Royal Society of London
  Fellow 11-04-1793

Provenance

• Blumenbach, J.F., Verslagen Instituut Klasse I, 1841, p. 17-18 door W.S. Swart; Algemene Vergadering Instituut 1840, p. 12 door A. des Amorie van der Hoeven.

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: Q58588
VIAF: http://viaf.org/viaf/71570755

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BIO

Dissertation: N/A

Highest degree: N/A

Fields of interest:

• ancient literature
• physics
• medicine
• egyptology

Biography:
N/A

Residence

• Edinburgh 1794 - 1795
• Göttingen 1795 - 1797
• Cambridge 1797 - 1799
• London 1792 - 1794
• London 1799 - 1829
• Milverton 1773 - 1792

Occupation

• Professor 1801 - 1803 - Royal Institution of Great Britain, London
• Physician 1811 - St. George's Hospital, London

Education

• Student of Medicine 1792, London
• Student of Medicine and Physics 1795 - 1796 - Universitat Gottingen, Göttingen
• Student 1797 - 1798 - Cambridge University, Cambridge

Membership

• Koninklijk Instituut, eerste klasse
  Correspondent, living abroad 11-10-1827
• Académie des SciencesParis
  Associate Member 1827
• Royal Swedish Academy of SciencesStockholm
  Foreign Member 1828
• Royal Society of London
  Foreign Secretary 1802
• Royal Society of LondonLondon
  Fellow 1794

Provenance

• Young, T., Verslagen Instituut Klasse I, 1829, p. 13-15 door H.C. Boon van der Mesch; Algemene Vergadering Instituut 1830, p. 20 door H.H. Klijn.

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: Q25820
VIAF: http://viaf.org/viaf/128851

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BIO

Dissertation: N/A

Highest degree: N/A

Fields of interest:

• medicine

Biography:
Doctor in Gent.

Residence

• Gent 

Occupation

• Professor  - University of Gent, Gent

Education

N/A

Membership

• Koninklijk Instituut, eerste klasse
  Member 28-05-1816
• Academie Imperiale et Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de BruxellesBrussel
  Member 

Provenance

• Wauters, P.E., Algemene Vergadering Instituut 1841, p. 12 door J. Bosscha; Verslagen Instituut Klasse I, 1841, p. 14-15 door W.S. Swart.

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: N/A
VIAF: http://viaf.org/viaf/10760866

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BIO

Dissertation: N/A

Highest degree: N/A

Fields of interest:

• archeology
• literature
• history

Biography:
Auditeur de la Chambre des Comptes.

Residence

• Brussel 

Occupation

N/A

Education

N/A

Membership

• Koninklijk Instituut
  correspondent, living abroad 27-02-1809
• Maatschappij der Nederlandsche Letterkunde - LeidenLeiden
  member 
• (Koninklijk) Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen
  member 07-09-1773
• Academie Imperiale et Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles
  secrétaire perpétuel (1772-1776); director (1784) 1772 - 1794
• Sociéte Litéraire de Bruxelles
  member 01-02-1769 - 1772

Provenance

• Gérard, G.J., Algemene Vergadering Instituut 1814, p. 36-37 door C. Apostool.

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: Q3102844
VIAF: http://viaf.org/viaf/281487401

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BIO

Dissertation: N/A

Highest degree: N/A

Fields of interest:

• astronomy

Biography:
Famous French astronomer.

Residence

• Paris 

Occupation

N/A

Education

N/A

Membership

• Academie Imperiale et Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles
  Member 14-10-1776 - 1794
• Royal Society of London
  Fellow 24-11-1763
• Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte - Rotterdam
  Correspondent 1774

Provenance

• Noms des académiciens. Regnicoles & Étrangersselon de la date de leur admission. In: Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale et Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles. 1784

Publications

N/A

Wiki and VIAF

Wiki Data: N/A
VIAF: N/A