PERSONEN FILTERS: s=, membership=Royal Society of London
Gevonden personen:
Friedrich August Ferdinand Christian Went
MALEAmsterdam, Netherlands 18-06-1863 - † Wassenaar, Netherlands 24-07-1935
Member Group(s)
- Genootschaps-lid
- KNAW-Lid
Variant Names
N/ABIO
Dissertation: De jongste toestanden der vacuolenHighest degree: doctor
Fields of interest:
Biography:
N/A
Residence
- Wassenaar 
- Indonesia 
Occupation
- teacher , Dordrecht
- teacher , Den Haag
- profesor in botany 1896 - Universiteit Utrecht
- rector magnificus 1905 - 1906 - Universiteit Utrecht
Education
- biology student 1880 - 1886 - Universiteit van Amsterdam
Membership
- Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen
Member Afd. Natuurkunde 13-05-1898 - Nederlands Natuur- en Geneeskundig Congres
Member [..1890] - Royal Society of London
Foreign member 
Provenance
- Went, F.A.F.C., Verslagen Natuurkunde 44, 1935, p. 90-95 door J. van der Hoeve.
- Ledenlijst Vereeniging het Nederl. Natuur- en Geneesk. Congres (1890).
- H.P. Bottelier, 'Went, Friedrich August Ferdinand Christian (1863-1935)', in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland. URL:http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn1/went [12-11-2013].
Publications
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On the investigations of Mr. A.H. Blaauw on the relation between the intensity of light and the length of illumination in the phototropic curvatures in seedlings of Avena Sativa Year: . Pages: 6. (PDF format)
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On a new clinostat after DE BOUTER Year: . Pages: 7. (PDF format)
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The inadmissibility of the statolith theory of geotropism as proved by experiments of miss C.J. Pekelharing Year: . Pages: 4. (PDF format)
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Communication on Miss A. Bakker's "Investigations regarding the existence of Separate Zones of Perception and Reaction in the Seedlings of Paniceae Year: . Pages: 4. (PDF format)
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Some remarks on the work of Mr. A.A. Pulle, entitled: 'An enumeration of the vascular plants known from Surinam, together with their distribution and synonymy' Year: . Pages: 2. (PDF format)
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Latex as a constituent of the cell-sap Year: . Pages: 7. (PDF format)
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The development of the ovule, embryo-sac and egg in Podostemaceae Year: . Pages: 10. (PDF format)
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Some remarks on Sciaphila nana Bl Year: . Pages: 4. (PDF format)
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On the Influence of Nutrition on the Secretion of Enzymes by Monilia sitophila (Mont.) Sacc Year: . Pages: 15. (PDF format)
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Krulloten en versteende vruchten van de cacao in Suriname Year: . Pages: 46. (PDF format)
Member Group(s)
- Genootschaps-lid
- KNAW-Lid
Variant Names
N/ABIO
Dissertation: Metingen over het verschijnsel van KerrHighest degree: doctor
Fields of interest:
Biography:
Zeeman was born to Wilhelmina Worst and Catharinus Farandinus Zeeman, a Lutheran minister. He went to the HBS in nearby Zierikzee and then studied classical languages at the gymnasium in Delft for two years. During this period he published an account of an aurora borealis visible in Zonnemaire. He entered the University of Leiden in 1885, where he studied under Lorentz and Kamerlingh Onnes and became an assistant in Kamerlingh Onnes's laboratory in 1895. He received his doctorate in 1893 for a dissertation on the so-called Kerr Effect, for the research of which he had received the gold medal of the Hollandsche Maatschappij in the previous year. After a year in Strasbourg at the Kohlrausch Institute, he became privat-dozent at Leiden and married Elisabeth Lebret, with whom he had a son and three daughters. From 1896 until his retirement, Zeeman was on the faculty of the University of Amsterdam (lecturer, 1896, extraordinarius, 1900, ordinarius, 1908). In 1908 he succeeded Van der Waals as the director of the university's physics laboratory, the Physics Institute.
While still at Leiden, Zeeman discovered the effect named-after him. He was searching for an interaction between magnetic and optical effects. Faraday had investigated the effect of a magnetic field on spectral lines as early as 1862, but without a positive result. Zeeman repeated the experiment, using a diffraction grating of high resolving power and found that the emission line of sodium was broadened (1896). Lorentz and Zeeman explained the phenomenon by supposing that the electron (discovered the previous year by JJ. Thomson) moved within the atom and emitted light. Measurements of the frequencies at the extremes of the broadened line allowed them to determine the e / m ratio. At Amsterdam, the following year, Zeeman was able to split the sodium line into a triplet, as predicted by Lorentz. For this work Zeeman and Lorentz received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1902.
Zeeman continued his research on the Zeeman effect, but the limitations of his laboratory in Amsterdam prevented great accuracy. This problem was not overcome until the construction of a new laboratory in 1923 (since 1940 the Zeeman Laboratory). He also measured the velocity of light in moving media, showing that the value of the Fresnel coefficient varied with the wavelength, a prediction of relativity theory. Only after 1923 did he return to measurements of the Zeeman effect, measuring the spectral lines of several noble gases and rhenium. Zeeman served as secretary (1912-1920) and chairman (1931) of the Physics division of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, as president of the Commission Internationale des Poids et Mesures in Paris from 1940 to 1943, and as rector magnificus of the university of Amsterdam from 1920 to 1923. He received honorary doctorates from ten universities and prizes from the most prestigious scientific societies, including the Académie des Sciences, the Royal Society, and the National Academy of Sciences. With A.D. Fokker, he edited the papers of H.A. Lorentz ('s-Gravenhage: Martinus NijhofF, 1934- 1939).
Residence
- Amsterdam 
- Leiden 
Occupation
N/AEducation
- student , Leiden
Membership
- Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen
Member Afd. Natuurkunde 13-05-1898 - Royal Society of London
Foreign Member 05-05-1921 - Nederlands Natuur- en Geneeskundig Congres
Member [..1890]
Provenance
- Zeeman, P., Verslagen Natuurkunde 52, 1943, p. 465-466 door H.R. Kruyt; Jaarboek 1943/44,p. 208-218 door J.D. van der Waals Jr.
- Biografie opgenomen in History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands
- Ledenlijst Vereeniging het Nederl. Natuur- en Geneesk. Congres (1890).
- P.F.A. Klinkenberg, 'Zeeman, Pieter (1865-1943)', in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland. URL:http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn1/zeeman [12-11-2013].
Publications
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Direct optical measurement of the velocity at the axis in the apparatus for Fizeau's experiment Year: . Pages: 9. (PDF format)
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The intensities of the components of spectral lines divided by magnetism Year: . Pages: 6. (PDF format)
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New observations concerning asymmetrical triplets Year: . Pages: 11. (PDF format)
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Magnetic resolution of spectral lines and magnetic force. (1st part.) Year: . Pages: 6. (PDF format)
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Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (Second part) Year: . Pages: 13. (PDF format)
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Observations of the magnetic resolution of spectral lines by means of the method of Fabry and Perot Year: . Pages: 8. (PDF format)
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Observations on the magnetic rotation of the plane of polarisation in the interior of an absorption band Year: . Pages: 8. (PDF format)
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Some observations on the resolving power of the MICHELSON echelon-spectroscope Year: . Pages: 6. (PDF format)
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Change of wavelength of the middle line of triplets. (Second Part) Year: . Pages: 6. (PDF format)
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On the passage of light through the slit of a spectroscope Year: . Pages: 5. (PDF format)
Member Group(s)
- Genootschaps-lid
Variant Names
- Helvetius, Johannes Antonius
BIO
Dissertation: N/AHighest degree: N/A
Fields of interest:
N/A
Biography:
N/A
Residence
- Amsterdam 
Occupation
N/AEducation
N/AMembership
- Literair Genootschap 'Diligentia Omia'
Member 1771~ - Royal Society of London
Fellow 10-02-1763
Provenance
N/APublications
N/A
Jacobus Hendrik van ‘t Hoff
MALERotterdam, Netherlands 30-08-1852 - † Berlin Steglitz, Germany 01-03-1911
Member Group(s)
- Genootschaps-lid
- KNAW-Lid
Variant Names
N/ABIO
Dissertation: Bijdrage tot de kennis van cyanazijnzuur en malonzuurHighest degree: doctor
Fields of interest:
Biography:
Nobel Prize (Chemistry) 1901
Residence
- Amsterdam 
Occupation
- physics teacher 1876 - Rijks Veeartsenijschool
- hoogleraar in scheikunde, geologie en minéralogie 1878 - 1896 - Universiteit van Amsterdam
- chemistry professor 1896, Berlin
Education
- student  - Polytechnische School Delft
- chemistry student 
Membership
- Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen
Foreign Member Afd. Natuurkunde 28-03-1896 - Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen
Member Afd. Natuurkunde 06-05-1885 - Royal Society of London
Foreign Member 25-11-1897 - Nederlands Natuur- en Geneeskundig Congres
Member [..1890] - Pruisische Academie van Wetenschappen
Member 1896
Provenance
- Hoff, J.H. van ‘t, Verslagen Natuurkunde 19, 1910/11, p. 1212-1216 door H.A. Lorentz.
- Ledenlijst Vereeniging het Nederl. Natuur- en Geneesk. Congres (1890).
- H.A.M. Snelders, 'Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van 't (1852-1911)', in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland. URL:http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn1/hoff [12-11-2013]
- http://rjb.x-cago.com/GARJB/1912/12/19121231/GARJB-19121231-0025/story.pdf
Publications
N/A
Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer
MALEOverschie, Netherlands 27-02-1881 - † Laren, Netherlands 02-12-1966
Member Group(s)
- KNAW-Lid
Variant Names
N/ABIO
Dissertation: N/AHighest degree: N/A
Fields of interest:
Biography:
N/A
Residence
- Laren 
Occupation
N/AEducation
N/AMembership
- Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen
Member Afd. Natuurkunde 15-05-1912 - Royal Society of London
Fellow 27-05-1948
Provenance
- Brouwer, L.E.J., Verslagen Natuurkunde 75, 1966, p. 157 door P.J. Gaillard; Jaarboek 1966/67, p. 335-340 door H. Freudenthal en A. Heyting.
- Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederlandse Wiskundigen. http://www.bwnw.nl/
Publications
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Continuous one-one-transformations of surfaces in themselves (2nd communication.) Year: . Pages: 13. (PDF format)
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On symmetric transformation of S4 in connection with Sr and S1 Year: . Pages: 4. (PDF format)
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Besitzt jede reelle Zahl eine Dezimalbruchentwickelung? Year: . Pages: 6. (PDF format)
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Intuitionistischer Beweis des Jordanschen Kurvensatzes Year: . Pages: 6. (PDF format)
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Essentieel-negatieve eigenschappen Year: . Pages: 2. (PDF format)
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Ueber die Zulassung unendlicher Werte fur den Funktionsbegriff Year: . Pages: 1. (PDF format)
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Perfect sets of points with positively-irrational distances Year: . Pages: 1. (PDF format)
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Bemerkungen zum natürlichen Dimensionsbegriff Year: . Pages: 4. (PDF format)
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Ueber eineindeutige, stetige Transformationen von Flächen in sich (Sechste Mitteilung) Year: . Pages: 5. (PDF format)
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Continuous one-one transformations of surfaces in themselves (5th communication.) Year: . Pages: 11. (PDF format)
Member Group(s)
- Genootschaps-lid
Variant Names
N/ABIO
Dissertation: N/AHighest degree: N/A
Fields of interest:
Biography:
N/A
Residence
- Amsterdam 
- Groningen 
- Franeker 
Occupation
N/AEducation
N/AMembership
- Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte - Rotterdam
consultant 1769 - 1789 - (Koninklijk) Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen
member 29-10-1772 - 1789 - Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen - Haarlem
member 1760 - 1789 - Royal Society of London
fellow 17-01-1751 - Bataviaasch Genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen - Batavia
Corresponding member 1786~ - 1790 - Vrijdagsch Gezelschap genaamd ‘Libertate et Concordia’ - Amsterdam
member  - Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen - Haarlem
Visitor 23-10-1775
Provenance
- Schuller tot Peursum-Meijer, J. and W.R.H. Koops (eds.), Petrus Camper (1722–1789). Onderzoeker van nature (Groningen, 1989)
- Oosterhuis, R.A.B., ‘Petrus Camper en Amsterdam. De wetenschappelijke loopbaan van Camper en de wederzijdse culturele betrekkingen van 1755 tot 1761’, Geneeskundige gids, 17 (1939), 403–419.
- Nuyens, B.W.Th. (ed.), Petri Camperi Itinera in Angliam, 1748-1785 (Amsterdam 1939).
- “Naamlijst der leden van het Vrijdag’s Gezelschap”, in: Naamlijst der leden van het Vrijdag's Gezelschap, opgerigt te Amsterdam den 17 december van het jaar 1734, onder de zinspreuk: Libertate et Concordia, en eenige gedichten daartoe betrekkelyk (Amsterdam 1812).
Publications
N/AWiki and VIAF
Wiki Data: N/AVIAF: N/A
Member Group(s)
- Genootschaps-lid
Variant Names
N/ABIO
Dissertation: Dissertatio, qua idea generalis solidarum corporis humani partium exhibetur (1725)Highest degree: N/A
Fields of interest:
Biography:
Professor of medicine and chemistry and physician of stadtholder Willem V. Besides medicine and chemistry, Gaubius also took an interest in the study of insects. He translated Jan Swammerdam's 'Bijbel der Natuur of Historie der Insecten' into Latin.
Residence
- Leiden 
- Paris 1752~
Occupation
- city physician , Deventer
- lector chemiae 21-05-1751, Leiden
- professor of medicine and chemistry 20-09-1734, Leiden
- consultant physician of Willem V  - 29-11-1780
Education
- student 01-06-1722 - Hogeschool Harderwijk
- student  - 24-08-1725, Leiden
Membership
- (Koninklijk) Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen
member 25-04-1769 - 1780 - Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen - Haarlem
member 1752 - 1780 - Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte - Rotterdam
consultant 1769 - 1780 - Royal Society of London
member  - Natuur- en Geneeskundige Correspondentie Societeit in de Vereenigde Nederlanden - ’s HageLeiden
contributing member 1779 - 1780
Provenance
- 'Naamlijst der H.H. Leden van de Algemeene Natuur en Geneeskundige Correspondentie-Societeit', in: Verhandelingen van de Natuur- en Geneeskundige Correspondentie-Societeit ('s Gravenhage 1783).
- Institutiones pathologiae medicinalis (Leiden 1758).
Publications
N/AMember Group(s)
- Genootschaps-lid
Variant Names
- Le Français, Joseph Jérôme
- Lefrançais de Lalande, Joseph Jérôme
- Le Français de La Lande, Joseph Jérôme
BIO
Dissertation: N/AHighest degree: N/A
Fields of interest:
Biography:
Famous French astronomer.
Residence
- Paris 
Occupation
N/AEducation
N/AMembership
- Academie Imperiale et Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles
Member 14-10-1776 - 1794 - Royal Society of London
Fellow 24-11-1763 - Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte - Rotterdam
Correspondent 1774
Provenance
- Noms des académiciens. Regnicoles & Étrangersselon de la date de leur admission. In: Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale et Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles. 1784
Publications
N/AWiki and VIAF
Wiki Data: N/AVIAF: N/A
Member Group(s)
- Genootschaps-lid
Variant Names
N/ABIO
Dissertation: N/AHighest degree: N/A
Fields of interest:
Biography:
N/A
Residence
- Amsterdam 1686 - 1768
Occupation
- mathematician 1742
- teacher of bookkeepers and navigating officers 1750
Education
N/AMembership
- Royal Society of London
Fellow 22-02-1750 - 1756 - Académie Royale des Sciences
Visitor 1752 - 1762 - Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen - Haarlem
Visitor 1755 - 1767
Provenance
- Zuidervaart, H. J., ‘Early Quantification of Scientific Knowledge: Nicolaas Struyck (1686–1769) as a Collector of Empirical Data’, in: The Statistical Mind in a Pre-Statistical Era: The Netherlands 1750–1850, edited by P. M. M. Klep and I. H. Stamhuis (Amsterdam, 2002), 125–148.
Publications
N/AWiki and VIAF
Wiki Data: N/AVIAF: N/A
Member Group(s)
- Boerhaave (instrumentenmakers)
Variant Names
- Kruyckius, N.S.
BIO
Dissertation: N/AHighest degree: N/A
Fields of interest:
Biography:
Cartographer and hydraulic engineer. Cruquius was born in 1678, either on Vlieland or in Delft. His father was a mathematician and surveyor, who worked for the VOC chamber in Delft. In 1698, Nicolaas completed his education as a surveyor and started to make topographical maps, his most important work being a large wall map of Delfland in twenty-five parts. In 1716, he matriculated at Leiden University, where he worked with Herman Boerhaave. He was also active in meteorology. On 19 December 1705, he started to make meteorological measurements in Delft. First, he measured only atmospheric pressure, but soon he expanded his measurements to temperature and wind. From 1733 until his death in 1754, he continued these measurements as employee of the 'Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland'. His main task for this organization was to manage the hydrology of the polders. Cruquius used his meteorological measurements to persuade the policy makers. He submitted a plan to the States of Holland to establish a meteorological institute. In this he was supported by three professors from Leiden University: Wittichius, 's Gravesande and Lulofs. Although the plan was rejected, Cruquius still played an important role in Dutch meteorology, by being the first to make a sustained and consistent series of meteorological observations. Another novelty was that Cruquius presented his data in graphs. He was also the first one to use symbols to present weather phenomena, such as wind and rain. He also made scientific instruments, such as a standard foot measure (the 'Rijnlandse voet'), made together with Jacob van Werven. In 1724 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London.
Was the first one to use symbols to present weather phenonema
Residence
N/AOccupation
- Inspector of Surveys for the Hoogheemraadschap Rijnland; Bailiff of Spaarndam; Examiner of Navigation for the East India Company 1700 - 1754
- cartographer 
Education
- Med. Cand.  - Universiteit Leiden
Membership
- Royal Society of London
Fellow 12-03-1724
Provenance
- Engelen, A. van, Nicolaus Cruquius and his meteorological observations (De Bilt 1985).
- Cruquius' kaart van Delfland 1712 (Alphen a/d/ Rijn 1977).
- Brink, P. van den, In een opslag van het oog. De Hollandse rivierkartografie en waterstaatszorg in opkomst, 1725-1754 (Alphen a/d/ Rijn 1998).
- Postma, C., Kruikius' kaart van Delfland 1712 (Alphen a/d Rijn 1988).
- Sneller, Z.W., ‘De landmeter N.S. Cruquius en zijn plan tot doorgraving van den Hoek van Holland anno 1731’, Bijdragen voor vaderlandsche geschiedenis en oudheidkunde 1:3/4 (1939), 257-284.
- Zuidervaart, H.J., Van 'Konstgenoten' en hemelse fenomenen. Nederlandse sterrenkunde in de achttiende eeuw (Rotterdam 1999), 615.
- Brabander J.A. de, & Corn. J. van der Doef, Kruikius in Namen (Wateringen 1993).
- Krogt, P. van der, 'Het verhoudingsgetal als schaal', Kartografisch tijdschrift 21:1 (1995), 3-5.
- Rooseboom, M., Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis der instrumentmakerskunst in de noordelijke Nederlanden (Leiden 1950), 49.
Publications
N/AMember Group(s)
- KNAW-Lid
Variant Names
N/ABIO
Dissertation: N/AHighest degree: N/A
Fields of interest:
Biography:
Christian Gottlob Heyne was born in 1729 and started his academic career in 1748 at the University of Leipzig. During these years and in the first years of his career he lived in poverty.. He first came to scholarly notice with his 1755 edition of Tibullus, written in Dresden while he worked in the library of Count von Bruhl (Graf Heinrich von Bruhl). In the following year, as the Seven Year War broke out, he published an edition of Epictetus. Heyne's academic career is most closely identified with the University of Gottingen. He went there in 1763 as both professor (of eloquence) and director of the university's library. During those years, he published numerous essays, trnaslations and other writings on classical literature, art and archeology. Of Heyne's numerous writings, the following may be mentioned. Editions, with copious commentaries of Tibullus (ed. SC Wunderlich, 1817), Virgil (ed. GP Wagner, 1830-1841), Pindar (3rd ed. by GH Schafer, 1817), Apollodorus, Bibliotheca Graeca (1803), Homer, Iliad (1802), Opuscula academica (1785-1812), containing more than hundred academical dissertations, of which the most valuable are those relating to the colonies of Greece and the antiquities of Etruscan art and history. His Antiquarische Aufsatze (1778-1779) is a collection of essays connected with the history of ancient art. Under his directorship the University Library became one of the leading academic libraries in the world, its collection growing from 60.000 to 200.000 volumes. This was mostly because of Heyne's extensive international network and zealous acquisition of works.
Residence
- Göttingen 1763 - 1812
- Dresden 1752 - 1757
- Wittenberg 1758 - 1760
- Dresden 1762 - 1763
Occupation
- Director 1764 - 1812 - Gottingen State and University Library , Göttingen
- Professor of Poetry and Eloquence 1763 - 1812 - Universitat Gottingen, Göttingen
- Secretary  - Gottingische Gelehrte Anzeigen, Göttingen
Education
- Student 1748 - 1752 - Universitat Leipzig, Leipzig
Membership
- Koninklijk Instituut, derde klasse
Associated Member 29-03-1809 - Royal Society of LondonLondon
Fellow 1789 - 1812
Provenance
- Heyne, C.G., Algemene Vergadering Instituut 1812, p. 17 door J.H. van Swinden.
Publications
N/A
Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst
MALEUtrecht, Netherlands 19-11-1918 - † Leiden, Netherlands 31-07-2000
Member Group(s)
- KNAW-Lid
Variant Names
N/ABIO
Dissertation: N/AHighest degree: N/A
Fields of interest:
Biography:
N/A
Residence
- Oegstgeest 
Occupation
N/AEducation
N/AMembership
- Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen
Member Afd. Natuurkunde 18-05-1956 - Royal Society of London
Foreign Member 20-06-1991
Provenance
- Hulst, H.C. van de, Levensberichten en herdenkingen 2002, p. 29-36 door H.J. Habing.
Publications
N/AMember Group(s)
- Boerhaave (instrumentenmakers)
Variant Names
- Huijgens, Christiaan
- Huygens heer van Zuylichem, Christiaan
- Hugenio, Christiano
- Hugens de Zulichem, Christian
- Huggens de Zulichem, Christianus
- Huygens de Zulechem, Chrestian
- Huggens de Zulikem, Christiaan
- Hugenius Zulichemius, Christian
- Hugens de Zulcon, Christiaan
- Archimedes
BIO
Dissertation: N/AHighest degree: N/A
Fields of interest:
Biography:
Born in 1629, Huygens was the son of the poet and diplomat, Constantijn Huygens. He studied law in Leiden and Breda. He was interested mainly in mathematics and proved to be very talented early in life. With his brother Constantijn Jr., he ground lenses and made astronomical observations. He also developed a very accurate pendulum clock and established a wave-theory of light. His discoveries attracted attention abroad, and, in 1666, he was asked to lead the newly founded Académie des Sciences in Paris. After a few years absence caused by illness, he resigned from the Académie. Later in life he wrote a book on cosmolog, called 'Cosmotheoros'.
Inventor of the pendulum clock ("slingeruurwerk") and the aerial telescope. Designer of the Huygens ocular. Huygens discovered the moon of Saturn (Titan) and explained that a ring was present around this planet. He also established the wave-theory of light.
Collections: Museum Boerhaave Leiden, Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht, Noordelijk Scheepvaart Museum Groningen.
Residence
- Den Haag 1629 - 1645
- Leiden 1645-05-12
- Breda 1647
- Paris 1660-10-12
- London 1661-03-19
- Den Haag 1661-05-27
- Paris 1633-04-03
- London 1663-06-07
- Paris 1663-10-01 - 1663-06-07
- Den Haag 1664-06-07
- Den Haag 1648-05~
- Spa 1654-08 - 1654-08~
- Paris 1655-07~ - 1655-11-26~
- Paris 1666 - 1681
- Den Haag 1681 - 1695
Occupation
- Instrument maker 
Education
- Law student 12-05-1645 - Universiteit Leiden
- Student at Breda 1646~ - 1648~ - Collegium Arausiacum - Breda
Membership
- Académie de Montmor
Attendant  - Académie Royale des Sciences
Member 1665 - Royal Society of London
Member 22-06-1663 - Académie de Thévenot
Attendant 
Provenance
- Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederlandse Wiskundigen. http://www.bwnw.nl/
- Theoremata de quadratura hyperboles, ellipsis et circuli (1651)
- De Saturni Luna observatio nova (1656)
- Systema saturnium (1659)
- Horologium oscillatorium sive de motu pendularium (1673)
- Memoriën aengaende het slijpen van glasen tot verrekijckers (1685)
- Traité de la lumière (1690)
- Cosmotheoros (1698)
- Riekher, R. Fernrohre und ihre Meister: eine Entwicklungsgeschichte der Fernrohrtechnik (Berlin 1957).
- Ahlström, O. Synverktyg fran äldre tider (Stockholm 1943).
- Jorink, E. Reading the book of nature in the Dutch golden age, 1575-1715 (Leiden/Boston 2010).
- Doorman, G. Octrooien voor uitvindingen in de Nederlanden uit de 16e-18e eeuw : met bespreking van enkele onderwerpen uit de geschiedenis der techniek (Den Haag 1940).
- Zinner, E. Deutsche und Niederländische astronomische Instrumente des 11.-18. Jahrhunderts (München 1956).
- Forbes, R.J. Cultuurgeschiedenis van wetenschap en techniek ('s Gravenhage 1966).
- Nijland, A.A. Christiaan Huygens, in het bijzonder als astronoom (Groningen 1929).
- Crommelin, C.A. Christiaan Huygens (Gent 1938).
- Icke, V. De ruimte van Christiaan Huygens (Groningen 2009).
- Daumas, M. Scientific instruments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and their makers (London 1972).
- Harting, P. ' De tien-voets kijker van Christiaan Huygens', in: Album der Natuur (1867).
- Michel, H. Instruments des sciences dans l'art et l'histoire (Rhode-St-Genèse 1965).
Publications
N/AMember Group(s)
- KNAW-Lid
Variant Names
- Zernike, Frits
BIO
Dissertation: N/AHighest degree: N/A
Fields of interest:
Biography:
Frits Zernike attended the HBS and from 1905 onwards studied chemistry at Amsterdam. At the age of nineteen, in 1907, he answered a prize question of the University of Groningen on probability theory, for which he was awarded a gold medal. He won a second gold medal for a prize question in optics issued by the Hollandsche Maatschappij van Wetenschappen in Haarlem (1912). In that year, he passed his doctoral examinations and started work on his dissertation, for which he used his prize winning essay of 1912 as a starting point. In 1913 he was appointed assistant to the astronomer J.C. Kapteyn at the University of Groningen. In 1915 he took his degree in chemistry at Amsterdam with a dissertation L'opalescence critique, théorie et experiments.
Shortly after obtaining his degree, also in 1915, Zernike succeeded Ornstein as lecturer in mathematical physics and theoretical mechanics in Groningen and in 1920 he became full professor. In the 1920's Zernike mainly worked in statistical physics. Together with Ornstein, and later with J.A. Prins, Zernike wrote a number of articles on fluctuation phenomena. In molecular statistics he introduced the concept of a radial distribution function, giving the mean number density of molecular centers around an arbitrary molecular center. For the Handbuch der Physik he wrote a chapter on probability theory and mathematical statistics (1928). In the 1930s, while not neglecting his work in statistical mechanics altogether, Zernike became more and more interested in physical optics. He had always been a very skillful instrument-maker: as early as 1921, he had constructed a very precise galvanometer and during the 1930s he worked on the construction of the so-called phase contrast microscope. He studied errors in telescope mirrors and discovered that there is a phase difference in the diffraction of light in different substances. By finding ways to increase the phase contrast, Zernike was able to construct a much more powerful microscope, with which one could study living material (staining usually kills the cells). In 1936 he obtained a patent on his invention. Zernike long remained a bachelor. In the 1920s he lived with his sister, Elisabeth Zernike, who was an author, and with his mother. Finally, only in January 1930, he married Theodora Willernina van Bommel van Vloten. They had one son (from an earlier marriage his wife already had one daughter). In February 1945, shortly before the liberation of Groningen, Zernike's wife died.
After the war Zernike, whose chair had been redefined as including mathematical and technical physics and theoretical mechanics in 1941, further refined his phase contrast microscope. In 1946 he was elected to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1947-1948 he was visiting professor at Johns Hopkins University. Especially after 1950 he received honors all over the world, including in 1953 the Nobel Prize in physics for his phase contrast microscope. In 1956 he became a fellow of the Royal Society. In the year after receiving the Nobel Prize Zernike married to Lena Baanders, with whom he had no children. He retired in 1958 and in 1961 moved to Naarden (near Amsterdam). His interests were wide ranging, including secondary teaching, natural philosophy and religion. During the last years of his life he was ill and in 1953 he entered a hospital in Amersfoort, where he died on 10 March 1966.
Residence
- Naarden 
Occupation
N/AEducation
N/AMembership
- Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen
Member Afd. Natuurkunde 12-06-1946 - Royal Society of London
Foreign Member 26-04-1956
Provenance
- Zernike, F., Verslagen Natuurkunde 75, 1966, p. 49-51 door C.J. Gorter; Jaarboek 1965/66,p. 370-377 door J.A. Prins.
Publications
-
The clustering-tendency of the molecules in the critical state and the extinction of light caused thereby Year: . Pages: 9. (PDF format)
-
An interpolation-formula for resistance-thermometry at low temperatures Year: . Pages: 13. (PDF format)
-
A moving coil galvanometer of high sensitivity Year: . Pages: 7. (PDF format)
John William Sutton Pringle
MALEManchester, United Kingdom 22-07-1912 - † Oxford, United Kingdom 02-11-1982
Member Group(s)
- KNAW-Lid
Variant Names
N/ABIO
Dissertation: N/AHighest degree: N/A
Fields of interest:
Biography:
British zoologist
Residence
- Oxford 
Occupation
N/AEducation
N/AMembership
- Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen
Foreign Member Afd. Natuurkunde 10-06-1977 - Royal Society of London
Fellow 
Provenance
- Pringle, J.W.S., Verslagen Natuurkunde 91, 1982, p. 85 door D. de Wied; Jaarboek 1983, p. 170-171 door J. de Wilde.
- http://www.purbeckradar.org.uk/biography/pringle_john.htm
Publications
N/AMember Group(s)
- Genootschaps-lid
- KNAW-Lid
Variant Names
N/ABIO
Dissertation: N/AHighest degree: doctor
Fields of interest:
Biography:
Nobel Prize (Physics) 1913
Residence
- Leiden 
Occupation
N/AEducation
N/AMembership
- Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen
Member Afd. Natuurkunde 12-05-1883 - Royal Society of London
Foreign Member 23-03-1916 - Nederlands Natuur- en Geneeskundig Congres
Member [..1890]
Provenance
- Kamerlingh Onnes, H., Verslagen Natuurkunde 35, 1926, p. 206-210 door F.A.F.C. Went.
- Biografie opgenomen in History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands
- Ledenlijst Vereeniging het Nederl. Natuur- en Geneesk. Congres (1890).
Publications
N/AMember Group(s)
- KNAW-Lid
Variant Names
N/ABIO
Dissertation: N/AHighest degree: N/A
Fields of interest:
Biography:
Copley Medal 1953
Residence
- Delft 
Occupation
N/AEducation
N/AMembership
- Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen
Member Afd. Natuurkunde 18-05-1926 - Royal Society of London
Foreign Member 01-05-1952
Provenance
- Kluyver, A.J., Verslagen Natuurkunde 65, 1956, p. 57-60 door M.W. Woerdeman; Jaarboek 1956/57, p. 231-237 door C.B. van Niel.
- https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kluyver
Publications
N/AMember Group(s)
- Boerhaave (instrumentenmakers)
- Genootschaps-lid
- KNAW-Lid
Variant Names
N/ABIO
Dissertation: Quousque motus fluidorum et caeterae quaedam animalium et plantarum functiones consentiuntHighest degree: med. doctor
Fields of interest:
Biography:
Martinus van Marum was the son of Petrus van Marum and Cornelia van Oudheusden. The van Marum family stemmed from Groningen and belonged to the Reformed church. His father was land surveyor and agricultural specialist. From 1744 to 1764 he owned a delftware factory art Delft where he worked as master potter. Van Marum attended the primary school and Latin school at Delft. After the return of the family to Groningen, in 1664, he matriculated at Groningen university to study philosophy and medicine.
Among his teachers there were Petrus Camper (medicine and botany), Dionysius van de Wijnpersse (physics), Wouter van Doeveren (medicine, chemistry, and mineralogy), and Antonius Brugmans (philosophy, physics, and mathematics). Especially Camper was very influential, his views on botany aroused in van Marum a life-long interest in plants, and friendship with Camper until the latter's death in 1794. Contrary to the then common taxonomical studies, Camper advocated the study of the anatomy and physiology of the plant. In 1773 van Marum obtained the doctor's degree in philosophy on a highly praised thesis about the sap streams in plants. Later that year he graduated in medicine on a thesis in which he compared the physiology of sap streams in plants and animals.
Aspiring to a job as professor in botany van Marum was very disappointed when he was not elected to succeed Camper. He immediately turned his interests to the field of electricity. In 1776 he published a report on the technical improvements he introduced to the electrical machine. In the same year he went to Haarlem where he set up as a general practitioner (until 1780). The city of Haarlem appointed him as municipal lecturer in philosophy and medicine in 1776. Van Marum took this matter seriously: until 1780 he gave 52 public lectures on physical topics. In the context of Teyler's Foundation (see later) he would give another 163 lectures (until 1803). Until 1797 his subjects were mainly of a physico-chemical and technical nature, later he treated geological, mineralogical, and palaeontological issues.
In 1781 van Marum married the extremely wealthy printer's daughter Joanna Bosch (1739-1821), which made his possible for him to devote his life fully to the propagation and popularization of science. Thanks to his continuous and efficient activities, van Marum was able to make Haarlem a very important centre of Dutch science at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century. Van Marum used two institutions to reach his goals: the Dutch Society of Sciences (Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen, founded in 1752), and Teyler's Foundation (founded in 1778 by the wealthy menist merchant Pieter Teyler van der Hulst).
Van Marum was appointed director of the Cabinet of Curiosities of the Dutch Society in 1777, he became its perpetual secretary in 1794. In 1784 he was appointed director of Teyler's Cabinet of Physical and Natural Curiosities and Library. All these functions he combined until his death. The personal and institutional wealth of both van Marum and the institutions made it him possible to expand the collections and libraries to a scale that made them famous all over Europe. From 1782 to 1802 he made a number of journeys abroad that brought him much fossil material and minerals. His most famous acquisitions were J.J. Scheuchzer's 'homo diluvii testis', actually a fossil salamander, the fossil Mosasaurus camperi, and Beringer's Lügensteine.
Apart from these activities van Marum was involved in scientific research too. His scientific ideas rested on two pillars: physico-theology, and utility. During the first half of his scientific life physico-theological interests prevailed, especially in his chemical research, his later works were mainly motiviated by utilitarian goals. In the Verhandelingen of Teyler's Foundation Van Marum published the results of many electrical and chemical experiments he had carried out with the largest electrical machine of the time. This spectacular machine was installed in 1784 in Teyler's Museum by its maker, the British instrument maker John Cuthbertson. It had two large, round glass plates each 1.65 metres in diameter. With this electrical machine he tried to discover the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Van Marum was a life long supporter of Benjamin Franklin's one fluid theory of electricity. The new Voltaic pile was quickly adopted by Van Marum, who named it after its Italian inventor.
His most important experiments, however, lay in the field of chemistry. In 1785 was the first to recognize a peculiar odour of electricity, which we now call ozone. Together with Adriaan Paets van Troostwijk he did experiments in the winters of 1785-1786 and 1786-1787 which were concentrated on the new combustion theory of the French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier. These convinced him of the correctness of the new chemisty, and he became a staunch advocate of the Frenchman's ideas. In 1787 he published a summary of this oxidation theory, even before Lavoisier did so himself. With his newly developed gazometer he discovered carbon monoxide.
From 1802 onwards Van Marum's attention shifted to botany, concentrating on South African plants. For the prince of Salm-Dyck he compiled a systematic catalogue of his aloe collection, which reflected his renewed interest in plant systematics and taxonomy. However, his interest in the relation between electricity and magnetism caused him to repeat Oersted's famous experiments in 1822.
Van Marum was always interested in the practical and organisational aspects of science. He issued many competitions to write essays on scientific topics and took care of the publication of the prize-winning ones. During the French reign, king Louis Napoleon asked him, among others, to draft a constitution for a new national scientific institution, the Royal Institute of Science, Literature, and Arts (Koninklijk Instituut van Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schoone Kunsten), which was established in 1808. Until 1836 Van Marum was one of the most active members of this scientific institution. In 1814, the new king of the Netherlands, William I, appointed Van Marum to a commission for the restructuring of higher education, and in 1821 to a commission charged with the exploration of the possibilities of active control of the Dutch rivers.
As a physician Van Marum was a typical representative of the 'Aufklärungsarzt' (Enlightenment physician), who strived to make science and medicine subservient to the interests of society at large. In Van Marum's case this attitude was also stimulated by his belief in a practical form of christianity. Examples are his propagation of the use of pure oxygen to revive drowned persons, the use of steam baths for cholera patients, artificial ventilation in houses, factories and aboard ships, and the improvement of the digestor, originally invented by Denis Papin, to provide the poor with nutritive soups.
Van Marum maintained a large network of scientific contacts and correspondents throughout his life. He was a (corresponding) member of no less than 37 scientific societies in Europe and the United States. Van Marum died on 26 December 1837, honoured by Dutch and French societies, and leaving as his heir a natural son born in 1829.
Designed an electrostatic generator, with the help of Gerhard Kuyper from Groningen. Participated in development of the largest electrical machine of his time, designed by John Cuthberson.
Residence
- Haarlem 
Occupation
- Physician 1776 - 1780, Haarlem
- Director Physisch kabinet and library 1784 - Teylers Museum
Education
- Student of Medicine and Philosophy 31-12-1764 - 20-08-1773 - Universiteit Groningen, Groningen
Membership
- Koninklijk Instituut, eerste klasse
Member 04-05-1808 - Provinciaal Utrechtsch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen
Ordinary member 5 dec 1776; Corresponding member 25 dec 1776 05-12-1776 - 1837 - Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen - Haarlem
Member, and since 1794 secretary 1776 - 1837 - Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte - Rotterdam
Member 1784 - 1837 - (Koninklijk) Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen
Member 27-08-1782 - 26-12-1837 - Royal Society of London
Member 19-04-1798 - Vergadering van Notabelen voor het departement Zuiderzee
Member 29-03-1814 - 30-03-1814 - Teylers StichtingHaarlem
Director  - Académie des SciencesParis
Corresponding Member 1783 - Vrijdagsch Gezelschap genaamd ‘Libertate et Concordia’ - Amsterdam
member 1813~
Provenance
- Marum, M. van, Algemene Vergadering Instituut 1838, p. 11-12 door H.H. Klijn; Verslagen Instituut Klasse I, 1839, p. 5-7 door W.S. Swart.
- “Naamlijst der leden van het Vrijdag’s Gezelschap”, in: Naamlijst der leden van het Vrijdag's Gezelschap, opgerigt te Amsterdam den 17 december van het jaar 1734, onder de zinspreuk: Libertate et Concordia, en eenige gedichten daartoe betrekkelyk (Amsterdam 1812).
- Molhuysen, P.C., en Fr.K.H. Kossmann (redactie), Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek. Deel 10. (Leiden 1937) 588.
Publications
N/AMember Group(s)
- KNAW-Lid
Variant Names
N/ABIO
Dissertation: N/AHighest degree: N/A
Fields of interest:
Biography:
Inventor of the so-called Volta pile (or voltaic pile)
Residence
- Pavia 
Occupation
- professor of philosophy , Padova
Education
N/AMembership
- Koninklijk Instituut, eerste klasse
Associated Member 25-02-1809 - Royal Society of London
member 1791
Provenance
- Volta, A.G.A.A., Algemene Vergadering Instituut 1827, p. 8 door J.F. Serrurier.
Publications
N/AMember Group(s)
- Genootschaps-lid
- KNAW-Lid
Variant Names
N/ABIO
Dissertation: N/AHighest degree: N/A
Fields of interest:
Biography:
In 1766, Banks made a botanical expedition to Labrador and Newfoundland to collect plants and other specimens with his friend Lieutenant Constantine Phipps. He took part in Captain James Cook's first expedition (1768-1771) on the Endeavour which explored the unchartered lands of the South Pacific and recorded observations on the Transit of Venus. The expedition circumnavigated the globe, enabling Banks to visit South America, Tahiti, New Zealand, Australia and Java, and New Zealand (1769-1770), where he collected specimens. Later Banks and Solander visited the Hebrides and Iceland together (1772). His collections and library were donated to the then British Museum after his death.
Banks was elected president of the Royal Society of London in 1778, a position he held for 41 years until his death in 1820.
Residence
- London 
Occupation
N/AEducation
- student  - Oxford University
Membership
- Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte - Rotterdam
Correspondent 1773 - Koninklijk Instituut, eerste klasse
Associated Member 25-02-1809 - Royal Society of LondonLondon
Fellow 01-05-1766 - 19-06-1820 - Royal Society of LondonLondon
President 01-01-1778 - 19-06-1820 - Bataviaasch Genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen - Batavia
honorary and corresponding member 1786~ - [1814..
Provenance
- Banks, J., Verslagen Instituut Klasse I, 1821, p. 7 door J.F. Serrurier.
- Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap (1814).